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SMITHSONIAN  MISCELLANEOUS  COLLECTIONS 

VOLUME  68    NUMBER  l  '" 


Archeological  Investigations  in  New 
Mexico,  Colorado,  and  Utah 


(WITH  14  PLATES) 


BY 
J.  WALTER  FEWKES 


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(PUBLICATION  2442) 


CITY  OF  WASHINGTON 

PUBLISHED  BY  THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 
MAY,  1917 


SMITHSONIAN  MISCELLANEOUS  COLLECTIONS 

VOLUME  68    NUMBER  1 


Archeological  Investigations  in  New 
Mexico,  Colorado,  and  Utah 


(WITH  14  PLATES) 


J/      BY 

J:' WALTER  FEWKES 
If 


(PUBLICATION  2442) 


CITY  OF  WASHINGTON 

PUBLISHED  BY  THE  SMITHSONIAN  INSTITUTION 
MAY,  1917 


4NTHKOP 


JSorb  QBafftmore  (pre00 

BALTIMORE,   MD.,   U.   S.   A. 


, 

/ 


ARCHEOLOGICAL  INVESTIGATIONS  IN  NEW  MEXICO, 
COLORADO,  AND  UTAH 

BY  J.  WALTER  FEWKES 
(WITH  14  PLATES) 

INTRODUCTION 

During  the  year  1916  the  author  spent  five  months  in  archeological 
investigations  in  New  Mexico,  Colorado,  and  Utah,  three  of  these 
months  being  given  to  intensive  work  on  the  Mesa  Verde  National 
Park  in  Colorado.  An  account  of  the  result  of  the  Mesa  Verde  work 
will  appear  in  the  Smithsonian  Annual  Report  for  1916,  under  the 
title  "  A  Prehistoric  Mesa  Verde  Pueblo  and  Its  People."  What  was 
accomplished  in  June  and  October,  1916,  before  and  after  the  work 
at  the  Mesa  Verde,  is  here  recorded. 

As  archeological  work  in  the  Southwest  progresses,  it  becomes 
more  and  more  evident  that  we  can  not  solve  the  many  problems  it 
presents  until  we  know  more  about  the  general  distribution  of  ruins, 
and  the  characteristic  forms  peculiar  to  different  geographical  locali 
ties.  Most  of  the  results  thus  far  accomplished  are  admirable,  though 
limited  to  a  few  regions,  while  many  extensive  areas  have  as  yet  not 
been  explored  by  the  archeologist  and  the  types  of  architecture 
peculiar  to  these  unexplored  areas  remain  unknown.  Here  we  need 
a  reconnoissance  followed  by  intensive  work  to  supplement  what 
has  already  been  done.  The  following  pages  contain  an  account 
of  what  might  be  called  archeological  scouting  in  New  Mexico  and 
Utah.  While  the  matter  here  presented  may  not  shed  much  light 
on  general  archeology,  it  is,  nevertheless,  a  contribution  to  our  knowl 
edge  of  the  prehistoric  human  inhabitants  of  our  country.  Primarily 
it  treats  of  aboriginal  architecture. 

The  author  spent  two  months  in  searching  for  undescribed  build 
ings  concerning  some  of  which  comparatively  nothing  was  known. 
During  June,  1916,  headquarters  were  made  at  Gallup,  New  Mexico : 
the  Utah  ruins,  new  to  science,  were  visited  from  the  Indian  agency 
at  Ouray,  Utah. 

The  plan  of  operations  in  these  two  fields  was  somewhat  different. 
The  work  in  New  Mexico  was  an  attempt  to  verify  existing  legends 

SMITHSONIAN  MISCELLANEOUS  COLLECTIONS,  VOL.  68,  No.  1 


2  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.   68 

of  the  migrations  of  a  Hopi  (Walpi)  clan  that  once  lived  in  a  ruined 
pueblo  called  Sikyatki,  where  the  cemeteries,  exhumed  in  1895, 
yielded  one  of  the  most  beautiful  and  instructive  collections  of  pre 
historic  pottery  *  ever  brought  to  the  U.  S.  National  Museum  from  the 
Southwest. 

Legends  mention  by  name  several  habitations  of  the  Sikyatki 
people  during  their  migration  from  the  Jemez  region,  before  they 
built  their  Hopi  pueblo,  but  lack  of  time  prevented  the  author  from 
tracing  their  trail  throughout  the  entire  distance  back  to  their  original 
home.  The  object  of  the  present  investigation  was  to  examine  one 
of  their  halting  places,  a  ruined  pueblo  called  Tebungki,  or  Fire 
House,2  on  the  prehistoric  trail  about  25  miles  east  of  Walpi.  Between 
this  ruined  village  and  the  ancestral  home  there  are  large  and  as  yet 
undescribed  ruins,  such  as  those  of  the  Chaco  Canyon,  which  may 
once  have  been  inhabited  by  some  of  these  people. 

Our  knowledge  of  the  former  shifting  of  ancient  clans,  derived 
from  legends,  is  fragmentary,  and  one  way  to  gain  further  informa 
tion  and  revivify  forgotten  or  unrecorded  history,  is  to  study  the 
remains  of  their  material  culture.  Architecture  is  a  most  important 
survival,  and  pottery,  which  has  transmitted  ancient  symbolism  un 
changed,  is  also  valuable.  It  happens  that  both  these  aids  characterize 
the  southwestern  culture  areas.  Other  objects,  as  stone  implements, 
woven  and  plaited  fabrics,  and  basketry,  are  not  greatly  unlike  those 
made  by  unrelated  Indians  and  consequently  add  little  to  our  knowl 
edge  in  studies  of  cultures,  but  architecture  and  ceramics  are  distinc 
tive  and  afford  data  from  which  we  can  gather  much  information  on 
the  history  of  vanished  races. 

TEBUNGKI   (FIRE  HOUSE) 

Hopi  legends  of  clans  whose  ancestors  once  peopled  the  Sikyatki 
ruin,  but  are  now  absorbed  in  the  Walpi  population,  recount  that  in 
their  western  migration  they  built,  near  a  deep  canyon,  a  village 
which  they  named  Fire  House.  These  legends  were  first  obtained 
from  the  Hopi  by  A.  M.  Stephen  and  recorded  by  Victor  Mindeleff 3 
who  located  Fire  House  ruin  over  20  years  ago.  His  valuable 
description  and  ground  plan,  the  only  account  heretofore  printed,  is 
graphic  and  substantially  correct.  He  calls  attention  to  the  charac- 

1 17th  Ann.  Rep.  Bur.  Amer.  Ethnology,  Part  2. 

~  Called  by  the  Navaho,  Beshbito,  Piped  Water ;  from  a  metallic  pipe  at  the 
spring. 

3  8th  Ann.  Rep.  Bur.  Amer.  Ethnology,  i886-'87  (1901). 


XO.    I 


ARCHEOLOGICAL    INVESTIGATIONS FEWKES 


teristic  or  salient  points  which  distinguish  Fire  House  from  ruined 
buildings  in  the  Hopi  reservation,  especially  its  circular  or  oval  form 
and  the  massive,  well-constructed  masonry  of  its  walls. 

The  exact  dimensions  of  Fire  House  (pi.  i)  can  be  obtained  only 
by  excavation,  but  it  is  approximately  94  by  79  feet  in  greater  and 
lesser  diameter.  Some  parts  of  the  outside  wall  are  now  10  feet  high, 
and  its  thickness  averages  3  feet,  but  if  the  stones  accumulated  about 

O 


FIG.  i. — Fire  House. 

its  base  were  removed  the  height  would  be  4  or  5  feet  greater.  There 
are  evidences  of  an  external  passage-way  through  the  outer  wall 
indicating  a  central  court.  Within  the  enclosure  there  are  many 
indications  of  rooms  some  of  which  appear  to  be  circular,  but  the 
interior  is  so  filled  with  fallen  walls  that  an  accurate  ground  plan 
could  not  be  drawn  without  extensive  excavation.  The  stones  form 
ing  the  wall  are,  as  a  rule,  cubical  blocks,  well  dressed  and  accurately 
fitted,  showing  good  masonry. 

Two  of  the  largest  of  the  wall  stones  are  5  feet  long  and  3  feet 
wide,  with   an   estimated  thickness   of   2   feet.     As  it  would   take 


4  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    68 

several  men  to  carry  one  of  these  stones  from  the  quarry  to  its  place 
in  the  wall,  they  might  be  called  megaliths. 

The  fine  spring  at  the  base  of  the  cliff  below  Fire  House  was 
evidently  used  by  the  inhabitants  for  drinking  water,  and  the  trail 
from  here  to  a  gateway  in  the  outer  wall  is  still  well  marked.  As  one 
climbs  from  the  spring  to  the  top  of  the  plateau  the  way  passes 
between  the  cliff  and  a  flat  stone  set  on  edge  and  pierced  with  a  hole 
about  5  feet  above  the  pathway.  This  stone  was  evidently  a  means 
of  defense ;  behind  it  the  warriors  may  have  stood  peering  down 
upon  their  enemies  through  this  orifice.  Near  it  are  pictographs  of 
unknown  meaning. 

The  circular  form  of  Fire  House  (fig.  i)  and  its  well-constructed 
surrounding  wall  are  more  characteristic  of  eastern  than  of  western 
pueblo  masonry.  This  round  type  1  is  found  from  southern  Colorado 
on  the  north  to  the  neighborhood  of  the  Zurii  settlements  on  the 
south ;  it  has  not  been  reported  from  the  region  on  both  banks  of 
the  Rio  Grande.  Roughly  speaking,  circular  ruins  correspond,  in 
their  distribution,  with  a  line  extending  north-south  midway  between 
the  eastern  and  western  sections  of  the  pueblo  area — a  limitation  that 
can  hardly  be  regarded  as  fortuitous.  Its  meaning  we  may  not  be 
able  to  correctly  interpret,  but  the  fact  calls  for  an  explanation.  The 
type  is  old,  the  modern  pueblos  having  abandoned  this  form.  The 
area  where  circular  ruins  occur  corresponds,  in  a  way,  to  that 
inhabited  in  part  by  the  modern  Keres,  none  of  whom,  however^  now 
dwell  in  circular  towns.  Provisionally  we  shall  consider  the  Keresan 
pueblos  as  the  nearest  of  all  descendants  of  those  who  once  inhabited 
villages  of  circular  or-  oval  form,  a  generalization  substantiated  by 
the  existence  of  words  of  Keres  language  in  many  old  ceremonies 
among  all  the  pueblos. 

There  is  a  sharp  line  of  demarcation  between  the  zone  of  circular 
ruins  and  that  inhabited  by  the  pueblos  along  the  Rio  Grande,  but 
on  the  western  border  these  circular  buildings  extend  as  far  west 
as  the  Hopi  country. 

In  attempting  to  connect  the  oval  form  of  Fire  House  with  the 
rectangular  form  of  Sikyatki  we  are  met  with  the  difficulty  of 
architectural  dissimilarity.  Fire  House  is  circular,  Sikyatki  is  rec 
tangular.  If  the  descendants  of  the  inhabitants  of  Fire  House  later 


1  An  able  discussion  of  the  pueblo  problems  is  found  in  the  excellent  compila 
tion  of  Fritz  Krause,  Die  Pueblo-Indianer,  Eine  historish-ethnographische 
Studie.  Nova  Acta  Kaiserl.  Leop.  Carol.  Detitschen  Akademie  der  Natur- 
forschern.  Vol.  87,  No.  i,  1907. 


NO.    I  ARCHEOLOGICAL    INVESTIGATIONS FEWKES  5 

constructed  Sikyatki,  why  did  they  make  this  radical  change  in  the 
form  of  their  dwellings?  They  may  have  constructed  a  habitation 
en  route  before  they  reached  Sikyatki,  and  this  village  may  have  had 
a  form  like  Fire  House.  On  the  Hopi  plateau  above  Sikyatki  there 
are  two  conical  mounds  visible  for  a  long  distance  as  one  approaches 
East  Mesa  from  the  mouth  of  Keam's  Canyon,  which  should  be  con 
sidered  in  this  connection.  These  mounds,  called  Kiikutcomo,  are 
connected  in  Hopi  legends  with  those  of  Sikyatki  at  the  foot  of  the 
mesa  on  which  they  stand,  and  the  buildings  they  cover  are  said  once 
to  have  been  inhabited  by  the  Coyote  (Fire  ?)  clan  of  eastern  kinship. 
They  have  not  been  excavated  completely  but  several  rooms  have  been 
opened  up  enough  to  show  that  they  are  round  towers  or  kivas  with 
rooms  annexed  to  their  bases.  They  resemble,  in  fact,  circular  ruins 
and  may  well  have  been  the  home  of  some  of  the  people  who  aban 
doned  Fire  House.  They  must  be  considered  in  discussing  the 
reliability  of  the  legend,  for  they  are  the  only  circular  houses  yet 
reported  from  the  Hopi  country.  The  reason  why  this  form  of  house 
was  abandoned  can  not  be  determined  with  any  certainty,  even  though 
some  of  the  clans  from  Fire  House  may  have  built  the  round  towers 
above  Sikyatki.  The  only  other  round  room  known  to  me  in  the  Hopi 
country,  besides  Kukutcomo,  is  one  in  a  ruin  in  the  Oraibi  Valley 
mentioned  by  Victor  Mindeleff  (op.  cit.).  The  reference  is  very 
meager  and  on  account  of  its  exceptional  character  should  be  verified. 
Assuming  the  observation  as  correct  it  may  be  said  that  this  so-called 
circular  room  lies  embedded  in  a  mass  of  rectangular  rooms  and  not 
as  kivas  in  the  inhabited  Hopi  pueblos  in  the  plazas  free  from  houses. 
The  legends  of  the  Snake  people  of  Walpi  who  came  from  the 
San  Juan  near  Navaho  Mountain,  probably  Betatakin  or  Kitsiel, 
distinctly  state  that  their  ancestors  built  both  round  and  square  or 
"  five-cornered  "  houses.  The  rooms  referred  to  are  believed  to  be 
kivas,  since  another  legend  declares  the  earliest  snake  ceremonies 
were  performed  in  circular  rooms.  After  visiting  Fire  House  the 
author  desired  greatly  to  find  other  oval  ruins  between  it  and  the  zone 
of  circular  ruins,  but  his  efforts  were  not  successful. 

SEARCH  FOR  HOPI  RUINS  EAST  OF  TEBUNGKI 

After  having  visited  Fire  House  and  verified  to  his  satisfaction 
that  it  was  a  former  home  of  a  Hopi  clan,  as  recounted  in  legends 
of  that  clan,  the  author  sought  still  further  evidence  of  an  archeo- 
logical  character  in  the  region  east  of  Fire  House,  as  recorded  in 
migration  stories.  The  area  between  Fire  House  and  Jemez  is  exten- 


6  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    68 

sive  and  rich  in  ruins  of  all  kinds,  open  air  pueblos  predominating. 
It  is  too  great  a  task  to  visit  all  of  these  ruins  during  one  summer, 
and  the  work  accomplished  in  a  single  month  seems  small,  but  a 
beginning  was  made  in  the  hope  that  the  cumulative  work  of  many 
summers  will  make  it  important. 

The  farther  we  recede  from  the  Hopi  country  the  more  obscure 
become  their  clan  trails,  and  the  more  difficult  it  is  to  identify  the 
localities  mentioned  in  legends.  The  irthabitants  of  some  of  the 
pueblos  now  in  ruins  between  Jemez  and  Hopi,  may  have  died  out 
without  leaving  any  representatives;  others,  when  they  left  their 
village,  may  have  gone  to  Zuni  or  elsewhere.  In  the  country  east 
of  Fire  House,  as  far  as  Fort  Defiance,  several  ruins  were  observed, 
but  none  of  them  seemed  to  show  close  archeological  likeness  to  the 
oval  Fire  House,  or  to  corroborate  the  traditions  of  the  descendants 
of  the  clans  now  absorbed  into  the  population  of  Walpi.  A  large  ruin 
near  Ganado  was  visited,  and  an  imperfect  sketch  made  of  its  ground 
plan.  Its  walls  are  so  much  worn  down  by  the  encroachment  of  the 
stream  on  one  side,  and  the  road  on  the  other,  that  little  could  be 
learned  from  superficial  examination.  Although  it  is  not  a  circular 
ruin  like  Fire  House,  yet  an  extended  excavation  might  reveal  some 
interesting  details  of  ceramic  symbolism *  which  would  be  important. 

RUINS  IN  NASHLINI  CANYON 

Two  cliff  houses  of  small  size  were  visited  in  Nashlini  Canyon 
which  appear  to  be  those  casually  mentioned  by  Dr.  Prudden,2  but, 
so  far  as  known,  they  have  not  been  described.  This  canyon  is  one 
of  the  southern  branches  of  the  Chelly  Canyon,  and  although  not  very 
extensive  shares  with  it  many  characteristics.  A  trip  can  be  made 
into  it  by  automobile  as  far  as  the  first  cliff  house. 

The  ruin  most  easily  visited  (fig.  2)  in  this  canyon  is  on  a  com 
paratively  low  shelf  in  a  shallow  cave,  40  feet  high,  a  few  feet  above 
the  top  of  the  talus.  Like  many  other  cliff  houses  it  is  divided  into 
two  parts,  called  the  upper  and  the  lower,  according  to  the  level 
they  occupy.  The  lower  is  practically  buried  under  rocks  fallen 
from  the  walls  of  the  upper  house.  The  front  wall  of  the  upper  part 


1  The   specialized  symbolism   so   elaborately  shown  on   Sikyatki   pottery  is 
regarded  as  a  local  development  and  for  that  reason  can  not  be  expected  else 
where  even  in  the  ancestral  homes  o-f  the  clans  whose  later  members  lived  at 
Hopi. 

2  The   Prehistoric   Ruins   of   the    San   Juan   Watershed   in    Utah,   Arizona, 
Colorado  and  New  Mexico.    Amer.  Anthropologist,  N.  S.    Vol.  5,  p.  280. 


NO.    I 


ARCHEOLOGICAL    INVESTIGATIONS FEWKES 


is  well  preserved  and  closely  follows  the  contour  of  the  low  ridge 
on  which  it  stands.  The  masonry  is  fairly  good,  but  the  floors  of  the 
rooms  are  buried  under  a  thick  deposit  of  sheep  droppings,  solidly 
packed,  showing  that  the  enclosures  have  been  used  secondarily  as 
corrals  for  these  domesticated  animals.  The  partition  walls  of  the 
rooms  end  on  the  vertical  wall  of  the  precipice,  the  face  of  the 
precipice  serving  as  their  rear  wall.  It  thus  happens  that  there  is  no 
recess  between  the  back  of  the  rooms  and  the  rear  of  the  cave,  as 
commonly  found  in  cliff  dwellings.  Circular  rooms  are  absent  in 
the  upper  part  of  this  ruin,  and  kivas,  if  any,  must  be  sought  buried 


FIG.  2. — Ground  plan  of  cliff  ruin  in  Nashlini  Canyon. 

under  the  accumulated  debris  of  the  lower  part.  The  front  wall  of 
the  upper  house  measures  64  feet,  and  can  be  traced  throughout  its 
whole  extent.  At  one  end  of  the  ruin  there  are  four  narrow  rooms 
separated  by  partitions,  each  containing  a  grinding  bin,  where  maize 
(corn)  was  reduced  to  meal.  The  remaining  rooms  are  roofless, 
plastered,  and  evidently  used  as  dwellings.  In  the  lower  series  of 
rooms,  buried  beneath  a  mass  of  fallen  rocks,  are  circular  depressions, 
which  may  be  ceremonial  rooms ;  but  no  excavations  were  made  in 
these  depressions  and  their  significance  is  unknown. 

Another  cliff  house,  a  few  miles  farther  up  in  the  canyon,  is  almost 
hidden  in  an  inaccessible  recess  of  the  cliff,  but  so  high  that  it  was  not 
visited. 


8  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    68 

On  the  dizzy  top  of  a  cliff  overlooking  the  canyon,  near  the  second 
ruin,  artificial  walls  were  observed  but  not  visited.  An  Indian  guide 
claimed  that  they  were  towers ;  they  are  certainly  so  situated  as  to 
permit  a  wide  view  up  and  down  the  canyon.  These  walls  are  men 
tioned  by  Dr.  Prudden. 

On  the  walls  of  the  canyon  not  far  from  the  first  ruin  there  is  an 
instructive  group  of  pictographs  (fig.  3)  representing  human  beings, 
some  painted  red,  others  white,  standing  in  three  lines.  The  majority 
have  triangular  bodies  with  shoulders  prolonged  into  arms  at  right 
angles  to  the  body  ;  the  forearms  hanging  from  their  extremities,  as  is 
common  in  this  region.  On  each  side  of  the  head  are  lateral  exten- 


FIG.  3. — Pictographs  near  mouth  of  Nashlini  Canyon. 

sions  recalling  the  whorls  in  which  Hopi  maidens  still  dress  their  hair, 
a  custom  that  has  passed  out  of  use  among  the  other  pueblos,  but  is 
still  preserved  in  personifying  supernatural  beings  called  Katcina 
maids.  It  appears  to  have  been  a  universal  custom  of  the  unmarried 
women  among  the  cliff  dwellers  to  dress  their  hair  in  this  fashion. 
These  figures  are  arranged  in  three  rows ;  three  individuals  are 
depicted  in  the  upper  row,  four  in  the  middle,  and  two  in  the  lower 
row  painted  white,  unlike  the  others.  Below  the  figures  are  rows  of 
dots  and  several  parallel  bars  accompanied  by  a  number  of  zigzag 
figures  like  lightning  symbols.  On  the  supposition  that  the  red 
figures  represent  Indian  men  or  women,  the  white  figures  may  be 
white  men  and  the  dots  and  bars  an  aboriginal  count,  the  whole 
representing  participants  in  some  past  event. 


NO.    I  ARCHEOLOGICAL    IXVESTIGATIONS FEWKES  9 

CHIN  LEE  CLIFF  HOUSES 

Along  southern  tributaries  of  Chin  Lee  Valley  there  are  instructive 
cliff  houses  that  have  escaped  the  attention  of  archeologists.  Judging 
from  his  map,  some  of  these  may  have  been  visited  by  Dr.  Prudden 
for  he  gives  a  figure  of  one  of  the  two  cliff  ruins  (pi.  2,  fig.  a),  in  the 
Chin  Lee,  about  40  miles  from  Chin  Lee  postoffice.  Their  state  of 
preservation  and  the  character  of  their  sites  may  be  judged  from 
the  accompanying  illustrations.  These  ruins  were  not  visited,  the 
photographs  (pi.  2,  figs,  a-c)  having  been  presented  by  a  Navaho 
Indian,  George  H.  Hoater,  who  made  the  pictures  but  did  not  know 
the  name  of  the  ruin  or  of  the  canyon.  There  are  other  ruins  in  the 
Chin  Lee  canyons,  of  which  information  is  quite  meager. 

RUINS  NEAR  GALLUP,  NEW  MEXICO 

The  geographical  position  of  the  country  about  Gallup  renders  it 
a  very  important  area  in  the  study  of  the  migration  of  aboriginal 
peoples  in  the  Southwest.  It  lies  midway  between  the  Rio  Grande  on 
the  east  and  the  Little  Colorado  on  the  west,  and  between  the  San  Juan 
on  the  north  aiid  the  Zuni  on  the  south.  In  their  intercommunication, 
the  trails  of  migration  in  prehistoric  times  must  have  cros'sed  this 
region,  and  as  this  migration  was  marked  by  successive  stages  where 
buildings  were  constructed  we  should  expect  here  to  find  remains  of 
former  migratory  peoples.  Ruins  in  the  vicinity  of  Gallup  have 
been  so  much  neglected  by  students  that  our  knowledge  of  this  region 
is  very  fragmentary.  To  remedy  this  condition  the  author  made  a 
few  trips  in  this  vicinity  with  Mr.  Sanderson  and  Mr.  Bruce  Draper, 
local  students,  who  furnished  important  aid.  A  number  of  pueblo 
sites  and  small  cliff  houses  within  a  few  miles  of  the  city  were  visited 
and  superficially  examined,  but  no  intensive  work  was  done  upon 
them.  The  ruins  mentioned  below  are  only  a  few  of  those  in  this 
region  that  could  be  brought  to  light  by  systematic  scientific  explora 
tion.  From  his  examination  of  them,  it  is  the  author's  impression  that 
the  majority  were  inhabited  by  ancestors  of  clans  now  domiciled 
in  Zuni. 

ZUNI  HILL  RUINS 

This  extensive  ruin  (pi.  3,  a,  c) ,  6  miles  south  from  Zuni  station 
^on  the  Santa  Fe  railroad,  and  about  1 1  miles  from  Gallup,  lies  almost 
directly  opposite  a  conspicuous  pinnacle  of  Wingate  sandstone  called 
the  Navaho  Church.  Its  site  is  a  low  ridge  extending  north  and  south 
for  several  hundred  yards.  None  of  the  walls  rise  above  the  mounds 


IO  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    68 

which  are  highest  on  the  west  side.  There  are  numerous  depressions 
scattered  among  the  mounds  which  suggest  subterranean  rooms  of 
circular  form.  A  round  depression  40  feet  in  diameter  shows  the 
remnant  of  a  wall  on  one  side.  On  a  "  flat  "  north  of  the  ruin  several 
piles  of  stone  can  be  seen,  which  are  interpreted  as  isolated  houses ; 
near  one  of  them  is  a  small  fireplace  made  of  slabs  of  rock  set  on  edge 
surrounding  an  enclosure  filled  with  ashes.  This  is  without  excep 
tion  the  largest  cluster  of  mounds  in  the  immediate  neighborhood  of 
Gallup,  and  would  well  repay  excavation  and  further  study. 

KIT  CARSON  GROUP 

This  group  of  mounds  has  received  its  name  from  Kit  Carson 
Spring  which  lies  in  their  neighborhood.  It  is  situated  north  of 
Navaho  Church  on  an  elevation  overlooking  the  road  from  Gallup 
to  Crown  Point.  The  members  of  the  group  are  numerous,  but 
each  mound  is  comparatively  small.  In  no  case  were  wralls  found 
rising  above  the  mounds,  but  as  nearly  as  could  be  judged  from  their 
shape,  the  buildings  covered  had  rectangular  outlines  and  were 
accompanied  by  circular  depressions.  Fifty  feet  south  of  the  largest 
mound  of  this  group  there  is  a  semicircular  pile  of  rocks  which 
measures  42  feet  on  the  south  side,  and  with  a  radius  of  30  feet 
from  this  side  to  the  curved  wall.  The  main  ruin  has  lateral  exten 
sions  on  the  north  and  south  ends,  and  measures  70  feet  by  41  feet. 
The  lateral  extensions  give  the  mounds  the  shape  of  the  letter  E  and 
enclose  a  square  room  of  rectangular  form  measuring  20  by  15  feet. 

RUINS  IN  HEMLOCK  CANYON 

Hemlock  Canyon,  north  of  the  road  from  Gallup  to  Crown  Point, 
has  the  general  features  of  other  canyons  in  this  neighborhood.  At 
its  mouth  there  are  fertile  fields,  and  a  good  spring  which  a  Navaho 
has  appropriated  by  building  a  hogan  and  fencing  off  the  entrance. 
About  a  half  mile  from  this  spring  following  the  right  bank  of  the 
arroya,  which  rarely  contains  water,  there  is  a  house  (pi.  n,  a)  built 
in  a  recess  of  the  cliff  about  10  feet  above  small  scrub  trees  which 
here  grow  in  abundance.  Its  foundation  is  about  6  feet  long,  and  the 
wall  is  slightly  curved  and  well  constructed,  showing  a  doorway 
shaped  like  the  letter  T.  This  house  is  not  regarded  as  a  dwelling, 
for  it  is  too  small  for  a  family,  and  no  household  implements  have 
been  found  within  the  enclosure.  It  belongs  rather  to  a  type  of 
cave-house  called  "  ledge  rooms,"  many  examples  of  which  occur 


NO.    I  ARCHEOLOGICAL    INVESTIGATIONS FEWKES  II 

near  larger  dwellings.  It  was  probably  a  storeroom,  although  possi 
bly  a  retreat  where  priests  retired  to  pray  for  rain,  as  was  once  the 
custom  among  the  Hopi.  The  people  to  whom  this  house  belonged 
probably  dwelt  near  their  farms  a  short  distance  from  the  base  of  the 
cliff.  There  is  a  similar  room  known  to  have  been  constructed  by 
Navahos  a  few  feet  off  the  road  from  Gallup  to  Crown  Point,  which 
is  still  used  for  a  granary,  indicating  the  probable  use  of  the  small 
building  here  described. 

RUINS  NEAR  BLACK  DIAMOND  RANCH 

Black  Diamond  Ranch  is  13  miles  north  of  Hosta  Butte.    Mr.  Bruce 
Draper,  who  owns  the  ranch,  pointed  out  near  the  mouth  of  a  neigh- 


FIG.  4. — Spherical  bowl,  Black  Diamond  Ranch.     7^  by  5  inches. 

boring  canyon  several  comparatively  large  ruins.  In  one  of  the 
largest  of  these  (pi.  3,  b)  near  the  ranch  house,  no  walls  are  visible 
above  ground,  but  the  surface  presents  abundant  evidence  of  a  buried 
ruin.  In  one  corner  of  this  ruin  (pi.  3,  b)  Mr.  Bruce  dug  out  a  small 
room  which  has  good  plastered  walls,  several  feet  high,  and  found 
decorative  bowls,  some  of  which  are  here  figured  (figs.  4,  5).  About 
50  feet  south  of  this  ruin,  a  low  mound  suggests  a  cemetery,  and  about 
the  same  distance  still  farther  south,  a  depression  on  the  surface  indi 
cates  a  circular  subterranean  room  or  reservoir. 

Following  up  this  canyon  nearly  to  its  head,  there  is  a  small  ruin 
hardly  worth  mentioning  save  for  a  spiral  incised  pictograph  3  feet  in 
diameter  identical  with  the  snake  symbols  widely  distributed  through 
out  the  Southwest. 


12  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    68 

In  all  the  region  north  of  the  high  ridge  of  eroded  Wingate  sand 
stone  there  are  several  other  groups  of  ruins  with  most  of  the  walls 
very  much  broken  down.  It  would  probably  be  conservative  to  state 
that  there  were  over  200  ruins,  large  and  small,  in  this  region,  showing 
evidence  of  a  considerable  population,  if  they  were  inhabited  simul 
taneously.  Fragments  of  pottery  occur  on  almost  every  ridge  over 
looking  the  trails,  especially  along  the  road  from  Gallup  to  Crown 


FIG.  5. — Mug  with  decoration  half  completed.     5^  by  4^2  inches. 

Point.    The  forms  of  these  ruins  vary  and  can  be  made  out  only  by 
systematic  excavation. 

So  far  as  limited  exploration  about  Gallup  has  gone,  the  investiga 
tions  by  the  author  show  that  the  ruins  were  inhabited  by  Zurii  clans, 
as  indicated  in  the  structure  of  the  buildings  and  the  symbols  on  the 
pottery.  It  would  be  important  to  determine  the  relative  age  of  these 
ruins  compared  with  those  about  Zuni ;  as  to  whether  they  were 
peopled  by  colonies  from  Zuni,  or  whether  their  inhabitants  joined 
the  Zuni  population  after  deserting  these  houses.  Although  there  is 
not  sufficient  evidence  to  prove  the  latter  proposition,  the  author  is 
inclined  to  accept  it. 


NO.    I  ARCHEOLOGICAL    INVESTIGATIONS FEWKES  13 

CROWN  POINT  RUINS 

No  more  interesting  question  in  southwestern  archeology  awaits 
an  answer  than  the  query :  What  became  of  the  former  inhabitants 
of  the  Chaco  ruins,  one  of  the  largest  clusters  of  deserted  buildings  in 
New  Mexico  ?  Like  the  cliff  dwellers  of  the  Mesa  Verde,  their  former 
inhabitants  have  disappeared  and  left  no  clue  as  to  where  they  went, 
the  date  of  their  occupation  of  the  ruins,  or  their  kinship  with  other 
peoples.  Existing  legends  relating  to  them  among  supposed  de 
scendants  who  are  thought  to  live  in  modern  pueblos  are  fragmentary 
and  knowledge  of  their  archeology  is  defective.  The  Hyde  Expedi 
tion  made  an  extraordinary  collection  of  artifacts  from  Pueblo 
Bonito,  the  largest  and  formerly  the  best  preserved  ruin  of  the 
group,  but  the  excavations  there  have  yielded  little  information  on 
the  kinship  of  its  inhabitants.  Until  we  know  more  about  the  Chaco 
Canyon  ruins  we  are  justified  in  the  belief  that  there  still  remains 
a  most  important  problem  for  the  archeologist  to  solve. 

In  seeking  the  prehistoric  migration  trail  of  the  Hopi  before  they 
came  to  Fire  House,  the  author  examined  ruins  near  Crown  Point 
identical  with  those  of  the  Chaco  Canyon.  There  are  in  fact  two 
ruins  within  a  few  miles  of  the  Crown  Point  Indian  school,  one  of 
them  known  among  the  Navaho  Indians  as  Kin-a-a  (the  name  of  the 
other  unknown  to  the  author),  which  are  structurally  members  of  the 
Chaco  series. 

The  ground  plan  of  the  largest,  Kin-a-a,1  is  rectangular  and  was 
apparently  oriented  north  and  south,  the  walls  on  the  north  side  being 
the  highest  and  best  preserved  and  those  on  the  south  possibly 
terraced.  On  the  south  side  remnants  of  a  court  or  enclosure  sur 
rounded  by  a  low  wall  can  still  be  detected.  The  ruin  is  compact 
with  embedded  kivas  and  measures  approximately  150  feet  long  by 
100  feet  wide,  the  north  walls  rising  in  places  to  50  feet,  showing 
good  evidences  of  five  stories,  one  above  the  other.  The  high  walls 
reveal  rooms  of  rectangular  shape.  Situated  midway  in  the  length 
of  the  north  wall  (pi.  4,  a,  b,  c)  is  a  circular  chamber  like  a  kiva  on 
the  ground  floor,  with  high  walls  about  it.  The  recesses  between  the 
wall  of  the  circular  room  and  the  rectangular  wall  enclosing  it  are 
solidly  filled  in  with  masonry,  a  mode  of  construction  adopted  in  the 
great  ruins  of  the  Chaco  Canyon.  The  kiva  of  Kin-a-a  (pi.  5,  a,  b), 

1  This  ruin  has  been  added  to  the  National  Monument  known  as  the  Chaco 
group. 

The  name  Kin-a-a  seems  to  have  been  applied  by  the  Navaho  to  at  least  two 
ruins.  This  particular  Kin-a-a  is  possibly  the  ruin  described  by  Chas.  F. 
Lummis  to  which  Bandelier  refers. 


14  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.   68 

like  those  of  the  great  building  of  the  same  canyon,  are  built  into  the 
mass  of  rooms  and  not  separated  from  them  as  in  the  modern  pueblos, 
Walpi,  those  of  the  Rio  Grande,  and  the  ruin  of  Sun  Temple  on  the 
Mesa  Verde.  This  separation  of  the  kiva  from  the  house  mesa  is 
regarded  by  the  author  as  a  late  evolution,  being  unknown  among  the 
cliff  dwellers,  and  very  rare  in  pueblo  ruins  possessing  ancient 
characteristics.  A  union  or  huddling  together  of  sacred  and  secular 
rooms  is  characteristic  of  the  period  when  each  kiva  was  limited  to 
the  performance  of  clan  rites,  the  separation  of  the  kiva  from  secular 
rooms  marking  the  development  of  a  fraternity  of  priests  composed 
of  different  clans.  The  diameter  of  the  kiva  in  Kin-a-a  is  about 

15  feet,  the  average  size  of  these  rooms,  no  doubt  determined  by  the 
length  of  logs  available  for  roofs.    When  the  diameter  is  greater  than 
that  it  is  customary  to  make  the  roof  in  a  vaulted  form  by  utilizing 
shorter  roofing,  but  kivas  as  small  as  10  feet  in  diameter  were  some 
times  roofed  by  vaulting.     Depressions,  in  mounds,  measuring  as 
much  as  50  feet  in  diameter,  in  ruins  in  the  Montezuma  Valley  have 
been  identified  as  circular  ceremonial  rooms,  but  as  these  have  not 
been  excavated,  there  is  always  a  doubt,  for  instead  of  being  cere 
monial  and  roofed  they  may  have  been  uncovered  reservoirs   for 
storage  of  water,  for  not  all  circular  depressions  are  kivas.     In  Far 
View  Pueblo,1  in  the  Mummy  Lake  Group,  the  author  excavated  a 
kiva  32  feet  in  diameter,  which  was  found  to  have  pilasters  for  a 
vaulted  roof.     No  such  pilasters  occur  in  Kin-a-a,  showing  that  the 
roof  was  flat  with  a  central  hatchway,  as  is  customary  in  all  these 
rooms  with  two  or  more  stories. 

It  is  difficult  to  explain  the  enclosed  space  above  the  kiva  in  this 
ruin.  Was  it  occupied  by  rooms  one  above  another,  or  was  the 
lower  open  to  the  sky?  The  rows  of  holes  interpreted  as  indicating 
floors  is  without  significance,  unless  there  were  a  number  of  super 
posed  rooms.  It  must  be  remembered  that  the  ceremonial  room  or 
kiva,  in  modern  mythology,  represents  the  underworld  out  of  which, 
according  to  legends,  the  early  races  of  men  emerged  through  an 
opening  in  the  roof  or  hatchway.  Among  the  Hopi  it  is  never 
covered  by  another  room,  and  this  is  carried  so  far  that  it  is  for 
bidden  to  walk  on  a  roof  of  a  kiva,  especially  at  a  time  when  rites 
are  being  performed.2  Such  an  act  would  be  regarded  as  sacrilegious, 

*A  Prehistoric  Mesa  Verde  Pueblo  and  its  People,  Smithsonian  Report  for 
1916. 

2  At  certain  times  in  Hopi  ceremonies  a  thin  layer  of  sand  is  sprinkled  over 
the  kiva  roof,  and  on  this  sand  are  drawn  in  meal  four  rain-cloud  figures, 
around  which  are  performed  certain  secret  rites. 


NO.    I  ARCHEOLOGICAL    INVESTIGATIONS FEVVKES  15 

and  the  same  taboo  is  now  probably  universal:  consequently  walls 
constructed  40  feet  above  the  top  of  the  kiva,  showing  evidence  of 
rooms  superposed  in  stories,  are  exceptional.  The  object  of  rooms 
above  a  kiva  can  only  be  surmised;  possibly  there  may  have  been 
four  kivas,  one  above  another,  to  represent  the  underworlds  in  which 
the  ancestors  of  the  human  race  lived  in  succession  before  emerging 
into  that  in  which  we  now  dwell.  The  inner  walls  of  this  kiva  are 
shown  in  plate  5,  a.  It  was  evident  to  the  author  when  examining 
the  inner  wall  of  the  superposed  room,  above  that  identified  as  the 
kiva,  that  it  belonged  to  a  room  with  a  roof,  as  appears  also  from 
the  view  here  given  (pi.  5,  a).  Whatever  explanation  of  this  excep 
tional  condition  may  be  suggested,  we  cannot  question  the  fact  that 
here  we  have  remains  of  a  kiva  below  one  or  more  other  rooms.1 

A  well  blazed  trail  passes  the  ruin  and  is  lost  in  the  distant  hills. 
This  trail  was  at  first  mistaken  for  an  irrigation  ditch,  but  an  examina 
tion  of  its  course  shows  that  it  runs  up  a  steep  hill,  which  precludes 
such  a  theory.  It  is  a  section  of  an  old  Indian  trail,  indications  of 
which  occur  elsewhere  in  the  State,  a  pathway  over  which  the  rocks 
used  in  the  construction  of  the  ruins  were  transported.  A  similar 
trail  used  for  a  like  purpose  is  recorded  near  the  great  ruin  at  Aztec, 
New  Mexico. 

RUIN  B  NEAR  CROWN  POINT 

Ruin  B  (pi.  6,  a,  b),  largely  made  up  of  a  kiva  of  circular  form 
within  a  rectangular  enclosure,  lies  near  Crown  Point  on  top  of  a 
low  plateau,  back  from  the  edge.  Its  name  is  unknown  to  the  author, 
but  from  its  size  and  the  character  of  its  masonry  it  must  formerly 
have  been  of  considerable  importance.  It  was  not,  like  Kin-a-a, 
included  in  the  President's  proclamation  making  the  Chaco  Canyon 
ruins  a  National  Monument.  The  appearance  of  the  masonry  and  the 
structure  of  the  circular  room,  identified  as  a  kiva,  leads  the  author  to 
place  it  in  the  same  class  as  the  Chaco  ruins,  its  nearest  neighbor 
being  Kin-a-a,  east  of  Crown  Point.  The  excavation  of  this  ruin 
might  shed  instructive  light  on  the  extension  or  migration  of  the 
inhabitants  of  the  Chaco,  after  they  left  their  homes  in  that  canyon. 

A  ground  plan  of  this  ruin  (fig.  6)  shows  that  the  standing  walls 
are  rectangular  and  practically  surround  a  circular  room  or  kiva. 


1  A  two  or  three  storied  kiva  like  that  of  the  Crown  Point  ruin  is  mentioned 
by  Jackson  in  his  description  of  Chettro  Kettle  ruin  of  the  Chaco  group,  and 
is  one  of  those  features  possibly  existing  in  the  tower  kivas  which  are  now 
extinct. 


i6 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS 


VOL.    68 


The  walls  are  double,  the  interval  between  the  inner  wall  and  that  of 
the  circular  chamber  being  filled  in  with  solid  masonry.1  The  outer 
of  the  two  enclosing  rectangular  walls  is  separated  from  the  inner 
by  an  interval  of  about  7  feet,  and  is  connected  with  it  by  thin  parti 
tions,  somewhat  analogous  to  those  described  as  connecting  the  two 
concentric  walls  2  of  circular  towers  on  the  McElmo. 

No  other  walls  were  observed  above  ground  in  this  ruin,  although 
small  piles  of  stone  were  noticed  which  may  have  been  walls  of  other 


64  feet 


FIG.  6. — Ground  plan  of  ruined  kiva  near  Crown  Point. 

buildings.     The  reason  why  the  walls  about  the  kiva  have  been 
preserved  so  much  longer  than  those  of  neighboring  secular  cham- 


1  Although  the  author  has  observed  several  towers  with  fallen  rock  about 
their  bases,  he  has  not  been  able  to  trace  three  concentric  walls  with  connecting 
partitions. 

2  The  circular  kivas  of  the  two  ruins  near  Crown  Point  are  enclosed  by  four 
standing  walls  forming  sides  of  a  rectangle,  a  feature  they  share  with  some  of 
these  chambers  in  the  Chaco  and   San  Juan  region.     The  intention   of  the 
builders  was  to  secure  the  prescribed  subterranean  feature  by  construction  of 
a  rectangular  building  about  the  circular  room  rather  than  by  depression  below 
the  level  of  the  site.    This  type  is  now  extinct,  but  belongs  to  the  most  advanced 
stage  of  pueblo  architecture  before  its  decline. 


NO.    I  AKCHEOLOGICAL    INVESTIGATIONS FEWKES  IJ 

bers,  is  probably  because  of  the  universal  care  exercised  by  man  in 
the  construction  of  the  walls  of  religious  buildings. 

POTTERY 

Brief  mention  of  ceramic  objects  found  in  the  area  considered  in 
this  review  is  here  introduced  because  they  substantiate  the  evidences 
of  the  buildings  concerning  the  relationship  of  prehistoric  people  in 


FIG.  7. — Decorated  handled  cup,  Black  Diamond  Ranch.    5l/2  by  4  inches. 

this  neighborhood.  Moreover,  they  add  to  our  limited  knowledge  of 
the  arts  in  a  little-known  area.  Very  little  has  been  recorded  con 
cerning  pottery  from  the  ruins  near  Gallup,  but  the  few  known 
specimens  do  not  bear  a  sufficiently  specialized  symbolism  to  separate 
them  from  others  found  in  different  geographical  areas.  Evidently 
no  distinctive  ceramic  area  was  developed  in  this  region.  Attention, 
however,  may  be  called  to  the  fact  that  the  symbols  on  pottery 
(fig.  7)  represent  the  oldest  types,  and  that  geometrical  designs 
rather  than  conventional  animal  figures  predominate.  The  pottery 


l8  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.   68 

suggests  Zufii  ware,  but  is  radically  different  from  modern  Zuni 
and  has  different  symbols,  showing,  as  far  as  it  goes,  that  settle 
ments  in  which  it  occurs  were  made  prior  to  the  development  of 
modern  Zufii  ceramic  decorations  which  were  influenced  by  them.  It 
has  a  likeness  to  old  Zuni  ware,  but  has  a  closer  resemblance  to  frag 
ments  from  the  Crown  Point  Ruin,  and  the  Chaco  settlements,  which 
is  significant. 

Perhaps    the   most   exceptional    specimens    obtained    during   the 
author's  trip  are  two  large,  black  jars  (fig.  8),  their  color  recalling 


FIG.  8. — Cooking  pot,  Black  Diamond  Ranch.    7^  by  6  inches. 

Santa  Clara  ware.  The  decoration  on  these  jars  takes  the  form  of 
designs  on  a  raised  zigzag  band  meandering  about  their  necks,  similar 
to  pottery  used  by  the  Navaho  Indians.  The  informant,  a  reliable 
white  man,  claims  they  are  not  Navaho  work,  and  showed  the  locality 
near  a  ruined  ancient  wall  where  he  excavated  them.  He  also  reports 
a  portion  of  a  human  skeleton  found  in  the  same  neighborhood  which 
affords  good  indication  that  they  were  mortuary,  while  the  position 
of  the  grave  would  show  that  they  were  deposited  by  the  same  people 
who  inhabited  the  room  near  by.  The  question  is  pertinent,  however, 


NO.    I  ARCHEOLOGICAL    IXVESTIGATIONS FEWKES  19 

whether  they  were  not  a  modern  secondary  burial ;  but  if  we  accept 
this  theory  it  indicates  an  unusual  condition,  for  the  Navaho  seldom 
bury  their  pottery  as  mortuary  offerings.1 

The  author  noticed,  especially  in  his  examination  of  the  mounds 
near  Kit  Carson  Spring,  certain  foundation  walls  indicating  small, 
circular,  buildings  strung  along  in  a  row  on. the  tops  of  ridges.  One 
or  two  of  these  suggest  a  round  ruin  near  Zuni,  and  seem  to  afford 
the  missing  link  in  the  prehistoric  chain  of  settlements  connecting  the 
great  Chaco  ruins  ~  with  some  of  those  in  Zuni  valley.  These  impor 
tant  similarities  are  supported  by  the  traditions  of  the  Zuni  that  some 
of  their  ancestors  once  inhabited  the  buildings  on  the  Chaco ;  and 
the  fact  that  certain  ruins,  among  them  Kintiel,  north  of  Navaho 


FIG.  9. — Decorative  food  bowl,  Black  Diamond  Ranch.     7  by  3  inches. 


Springs,  are  definitely  claimed  by  the  Zuni  to  have  been  inhabited 
by  their  Corn  clan. 

The  black  and  white  pottery,  found  about  Gallup,  is  identical  with 
that  of  the  latter  ruin,  and  very  similar  to  that  generally  found  in 
the  earliest  epoch  of  pueblo  occupancy.  As  pointed  out  in  an  article 
on  Zuni  pottery,  in  the  "  Putnam  Anniversary  Volume,"  modern 
Zuni  pottery  is  so  different  from  the  ancient  that  we  can  hardly 
regard  it  as  evolved  from  it.  The  same  is  true  among  the  Hopi ;  the 
modern  pottery  decoration  is  not  like  the  old,  but  is  Tewa.  Hopi- 
Tewa  pottery  is  largely  the  work  of  Nampeo,  who  once  decorated 
her  pottery  solely  with  Tewa  symbols  instead  of  old  Hopi.  In  1895 


1  The  Navaho  are  not  a  pottery  making  people,  but  often  use  bowls  and  vases 
they  find  in  prehistoric  ruins. 

2  Although  prehistoric,  the  author  regards  all  the  Chaco  Canyon  group  of 
ruins  as  later  in  construction  than  those  of  the  Mesa  Verde  and  San  Juan,  with 
which  they  are  morphologically  connected. 


20 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    68 


she  abandoned  the  Tewa  symbols  of  her  people  to  meet  a  demand  for 
old  pottery  and  substituted  for  Tewa  designs  copies  of  ancient  Hopi 
pottery  from  Sikyatki.  Thus  there  have  been  two  radical  changes 
in  the  style  of  Hopi  pottery  since  1710;  one  the  substitution  of  Tewa 
designs  for  old  Hopi,  the  other  a  return  to  Sikyatki  motifs  within 
the  last  20  years.  This  modern  innovation,  however,  has  not  been 
derived  from  the  ancient  by  any  evolution,  but  by  acculturation. 
Possibly  a  similar  change  has  taken  place  at  Zuni,  calling  for  caution 


FIG.  10.  —  Decorated  handled  cup,  Black  Diamond  Ranch. 


b 


inches. 


in  supposing  that  pottery  found  in  the  refuse  heaps  is  necessarily 
evolved  from  that  preexisting  or  found  in  strata  below  it. 

The  author  has  seen  no  evidence  that  would  lead  him  to  abandon 
the  theory,  that  the  Zufii  valley  was  once  peopled  by  clans  related  to 
those  on  Little  Colorado  derived  from  the  Gila,  and  that  other  clans 
drifted  into  the  valley  from  the  north  at  a  later  date.  These  later 
additions  were  from  the  circular  ruin  belt.  Later  came  Tewa  clans 
as  the  Asa  of  the  Hopi,  and  others.  The  author  finds  more  evidences 
of  acculturation  than  autochthonous  evolution  in  modern  Zuni,  as  in 
modern  Hopi  ceramic  symbols.  Pottery  (figs.  9,  10)  found  in  ruins 


ARCHEOLOGICAL    INVESTIGATIOXS FEWKES  21 

about  .Gallup  belongs  to  the  same  type  as  that  from  Kintiel  which 
Gushing,  from  legendary  evidences,  found  to  have  been  settled  by 
Zuni  clans.1 

RUINS  IN  HILL  CANYON 

The  country  directly  south  of  Ouray,  Utah,  is  an  unknown  land 
to  the  archeologist.  Geologically  speaking  it  is  a  very  rugged  region, 
composed  of  eroded  cliffs  and  deep  canyons  which  up  to  within  a 
few  years  has  been  so  difficult. of  access  that  white  men  have  rarely 
ventured  into  it.  At  present  the  country  is  beginning  to  be  settled 
and  there  are  a  few  farms  where  the  canyon  broadens  enough  to 
afford  sufficient  arable  land  for  the  needs  of  agriculture.  The  canyon 
is  very  picturesque,  the  cliffs  on  either  side  rising  from  its  narrow 
bed  by  succession  of  natural  steps  (pi.  7,  a)  formed  of  sandstone 
outcrops  alternating  with  soft,  easily  eroded  cretaceous  rock.  Its 
many  lateral  contributing  canyons  are  of  small  size,  but  extend  deep 
into  the  mountain  in  the  recesses  of  which  are  said  to  be  hidden  many 
isolated  cave  shelters,  and  other  prehistoric  remains.  The  cliffs 
and  canyons  of  this  region  are  not  unlike  those  farther  south  along 
the  Green  and  the  Grand  Rivers,  a  description  of  which,  quoted  from 
Prof.  Newberry,2  pictures  vividly  the  appearance  of  the  weird  scenery 
in  these  canyons.  He  says  : 

From  this  point  the  view  swept  westward  over  a  wide  extent  of  country 
in  its  general  aspect  a  plane,  but  everywhere  deeply  cut  by  a  tangled  maze  of 
canyons  and  thickly  set  with  towers,  castles,  and  spires  of  varied  and  striking 
forms;  the  most  wonderful  monuments  of  erosion  which  our  eyes  already 
experienced  in  objects  of  this  kind  had  beheld.  Near  the  mesa  we  are  leaving 
stand  detached  portions  of  it  of  every  possible  form  from  broad,  flat  tables,  to 
slender  cones,  crowned  with  pinnacles  of  the  massive  sandstone  which  forms 
the  perpendicular  faces  of  the  walls  of  the  Colorado.  These  castellated  groups 
are  from  1,000  to  5,000  feet  in  height,  and  no  language  is  adequate  to  convey  a 
just  idea  of  the  strange  and  impressive  scenery  formed  by  their  grand  and 
varied  outlines.  Their  appearance  was  so  strange  and  beautiful  as  to  call  out 
exclamations  of  delight  from  our  party. 

In  this  wild  country  up  to  his  time  rarely  visited  by  white  men, 
Prof.  Newberry  also  graphically  described  ruins  not  greatly  unlike 
some  of  those  in  Hill  Canyon  as  follows : 

Some  two  miles  below  the  head  of  Labyrinth  Canyon  we  came  upon  the 
ruins  of  a  large  number  of  houses  of  stone.  Evidently  built  by  the  Pueblo 

X4th  Ann.  Rep.  of  the  Director  of  the  Bur.  Amer.  Ethnol. ;  also  22d  Ann.  Rep. 
Bur.  Amer.  Ethnol.,  pp.  124,  125. 

2  This  account  is  taken  from  a  report  of  an  Exploring  Expedition  from 
Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico,  in  1859,  under  command  of  Capt.  Macomb;  published 
in  1876  by  the  Engineers  Department,  \J.  S.  A. 


22  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    68 

Indians  as  they  are  similar  to  those  on  the  Dolores,  and  the  pottery  scattered 
about  is  identical  with  that  before  found  in  so  many  places.  It  is  very  old 
but  of  excellent  quality  made  of  red  clay  coated  with  white  and  handsomely 
figured.  Here  the  houses  are  built  in  sides  of  the  cliffs.  A  mile  or  two  below 
we  saw  others  crowning  the  inaccessible  summits,  inaccessible  except  by 
ladders,  of  picturesque  detached  buttes  of  red  sandstone,  which  rise  to  the 
height  of  150  feet  above  the  bottom  of  the  canyon.  Similar  buildings  were 
found  lower  down  and  broken  pottery  was  picked  up  upon  the  summits  of  the 
cliffs  overhanging  Grand  River.  Evidence  that  these  dreadful  canyons  were 
once  the  homes  of  families  belonging  to  that  great  people  who  formerly  spread 
over  all  this  region  now  so  utterly  sterile,  solitary  and  desolate. 

Prof.  Montgomery,1  in  an  article  on  the  ruins  in  Nine  Mile  Canyon, 
gives  a  description  of  similar  prehistoric  remains  which  he  had  found 
in  that  region.  From  this  description  the  author  of  the  present 
paper  supposes  that  these  ruins  belong  to  the  same  type  or  one  very 
similar  to  those  found  in  Hill  Canyon.  The  antiquities  Montgomery 
mentions  are  well  preserved,  for  he  speaks  of  one  of  the  towers  in 
this  region  as  about  50  feet  high,  standing  in  an  almost  inaccessible 
spot  commanding  a  magnificent  view  of  several  canyons  and  moun 
tains.  He  says : 

On  the  top  of  a  mesa  in  an  extremely  dizzy  situation,  were  the  remains  of 
three  small  stone  circular  structures,  two  of  which  were  provided  with  roofs 
of  heavy  cedar  logs  and  heavy,  flat  stones.  The  logs  and  poles  of  these  two 
structures  would  make  about  a  cord  of  wood,  and  they  possessed  distinct  marks 
of  the  rude  stone  axes  with  which  they  had  been  cut  into  suitable  lengths.  *  *  * 
On  the  south  side  of  the  canyon,  and  about  a  mile  from  Brock's  Postofifice,  I 
explored  a  strong  and  well-built  stone  structure,  which  stood  upon  a  high  and 
precipitous  cliff.  It  formed  about  the  two-thirds  of  a  circle,  being  14  feet  long, 
12  feet  wide,  and  5^  feet  high,  and  was  completed  by  a  cliff  in  its  rear.  *  *  * 
In  a  short  time  we  came  to  the  rock  column,  which,  although  hard  and  solid  was 
much  disintegrated  and  had  been  vertically  cleft  and  separated,  leaving  a 
dangerous  gap  between  its  two  inclined  and  overhanging  portions.  By  the 
aid  of  cedar  poles  we  succeeded  in  clambering  to  its  summit,  and  there,  in  a 
situation  that  commanded  a  magnificent  view  of  many  canyons  and  hills,  we 
found  the  ruin  of  four  circular  stone  structures  which,  in  my  opinion  had  once 
been  a  look-out,  and  signal  military  station.  They  were  arranged  upon  the  flat 
top  of  the  rock  in  such  a  manner  that  three  smaller  ones,  each  capable  of  hold 
ing  but  one  man,  occupied  the  front  and  most  exposed  places,  one  of  them  being 
in  advance -of  the  other  two,  which  were  nearer  the  sides  of  the  rock.  The 
fourth  and  largest  stone  structure  held  a  place  several  yards  in  the  rear  of 
the  three  small  ones,  but  from  it  a  clear  view  of  a  wide  and  extended  tract  of 
country  could  also  be  obtained.  They  were  all  destitute  of  openings  except  at 
the  top,  and  their  walls  sloped  inward  from  below,  so  that  the  opening  in  each 
of  the  three  small  structures  was  small  and  only  sufficient  to  allow  the  entrance 
or  exit  of  one  person. 


Prehistoric  Man  in  Utah.    The  Archaeologist,  Nov.,  1894,  pp.  335-342. 


NO.    I  ARCHEOLOGICAL    INVESTIGATIONS FEWKES  23 

The  author's  attention  was  called  to  ruins  in  Hill  Canyon  like 
those  above  mentioned,  by  Mr.  A.  H.  Kneale,  agent  of  the  Utes  at 
Fort  Duchesne,  Utah,  and  at  the  close  of  work  at  Mesa  Verde  a  trip 
was  made  into  the  region  where  they  are  found.  The  route  was 
from  Grand  Junction,  Colorado,  to  Mack,  Utah,  by  rail,  thence  by 
rail  to  the  end  of  the  road  at  Watson.  The  trip  from  Watson  to 
Ouray  was  by  automobile.  At  Ouray  the  author  outfitted  with  wagon, 
forded  the  Duchesne  River,  and  crossed  the  Green  River  by  ferry. 
Later  he  proceeded  south  to  Squaw  Crossing  on  Willow  Creek,  and 
thence  to  Taylor's  ranch,  in  the  midst  of  the  ruins  of  Hill  Canyon. 

The  ruins  mentioned  below  were  visited,  but  many  others  were 
reported  by  cowboys  which  were  not  seen  on  account  of  limitation 
in  time,  the  object  of  the  visit  being  primarily  a  reconnoissance. 

The  following  ruins  were  seen  by  the  author  and  his  companions 
during  their  short  visit  to  this  region  : 

1.  Ruins  A  and  B,  on  the  canyon  rim  within  sight  of  Taylor's  lower 
ranch. 

2.  Two  ruins  on  pinnacles  of  rocks  \\  miles  from  Taylor's  lower 
ranch  following  the  canyon  southward. 

3.  Tower  ruin  crowning  a  leaning  pinnacle. 

4.  Ruin  on  top  of  a  plateau  with  precipitous  sides,  in  middle  of  a 
canyon  3  miles  south  of  Taylor's  lower  ranch. 

5.  Walls  on  top  of  an  inverted  cone,  6  miles  up  the  canyon  from 
Taylor's  lower  ranch. 

6.  Several  towers  in  a  cluster  on  a  point  of  the  plateau  8  miles 
below  Taylor's  lower  ranch. 

The  above  ruins  may  be  classified  into  two  types  distinguished  by 
the  character  of  their  site:  (a)  True  "  mushroom  rock  ruins,"  as 
their  name  implies,  are  perched  on  tops  of  isolated  rock  pinnacles 
resembling  the  so-called  Snake  rock  at  Walpi,  and  (b)  the  second 
type,  crown  spurs  of  the  mesa  overlooking  the  canyon.  The  pinnacle 
foundations  of  the  former  are  the  last  stage  in  erosion  of  a  spur  from 
the  side  of  the  canyon.  It  is  doubtful  whether  these  pinnacles  were 
cut  off  by  erosion  before  or  after  the  buildings  thereon  were  con 
structed.  On  the  whole  both  types  of  ruins  in  Hill  Canyon  present 
no  architectural  differences  from  those  found  in  some  of  the  tributary 
canyons  of  the  Colorado  River. 

The  author's  visit  to  the  Hill  Canyon  region  was  mainly  a  recon 
noissance  to  verify  reports  of  the  existence  of  prehistoric  remains 
in  this  little-known  region.  He  was  accompanied  by  Mr.  T.  G. 
Lemmon  of  Dallas,  Texas,  a  volunteer,  who  furnished  the  Hill 


24  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    68 

Canyon  pictures  here  reproduced.  Mr.  Owen,  the  official  farmer  of 
the  Ute  reservation,  and  an  Indian  boy  accompanied  us,  the  former 
as  guide,  the  latter  as  driver.  In  penetrating  this  secluded  country 
we  were  obliged  to  camp  along  the  way,  but  were  hospitably  received 
by  the  few  ranchmen  along  the  route  and  made  our  home  for  a  few 
days  at  Taylor's  lower  ranch  while  making  our  excursions  to  the  ruins. 
It  is  a  great  pleasure  to  acknowledge  this  aid  and  especially  that  of 
Mr.  Kneale,  who  aided  us  in  outfitting  at  Ouray. 

The  best  preserved  examples  of  characteristic  Hill  Canyon  Ruins 
belong  to  the  second  type,  or  those  not  isolated  from  the  neighboring 
plateau,  the  most  striking  of  which  belong  to  the  mushroom  type. 
Both  have  a  general  similarity  in  circular  form  and  massive  walls, 
recalling",  except  in  poor  quality  of  masonry  the  so-called  "  towers  " 
of  the  McElmo  Canyon.  They  resemble  the  "  Tower  ruin,"  found 
by  Prof.  Montgomery,  in  Nine  Mile  Canyon,  on  the  western  slope 
of  the  range.  Their  masonry  is  composed  of  natural  slabs  of  rock, 
rudely  fashioned  by  fracture,  but  rarely  dressed  in  cubical  blocks,  as 
in  the  towers  on  the  McElmo  Canyon.  Their  exposure  to  the  elements 
has  led  to  considerable  destruction,  the  adobe  in  which  the  walls  were 
laid  having  been  washed  out  of  the  joints.  The  lower  courses  of 
stone,  as  seen  in  the  view  of  the  large  ruin  perched  high  above  the 
ranch  house,  were  of  larger  stones  than  the  upper,  and  showed  more 
evidences  of  having  been  dressed  than  the  flat  stones  piled  one  on 
the  other,  which  form  the  upper  courses. 

RUINS  NEAR  TAYLOR'S  LOWER  RANCH 
RUIN  A 

The  two  large  buildings  near  Taylor's  lower  ranch,  ruins  A  and  B, 
are  typical  of  the  first  group,  the  most  conspicuous  of  which,  ruin  A, 
is  shown  in  the  accompanying  figures  (pi.  7,  b,  pi.  8,  a).  This  ruin 
stands  on  the  point  of  a  high  cliff,  inaccessible  except  on  the  west 
side.  Although  the  special  features  of  the  masonry  are  somewhat 
obscured  by  fallen  sections,  and  the  form  (fig.  5)  is  hidden,  it  is  a 
circular  enclosure  about  25  feet  in  diameter,  its  wall  being  about 
13  feet  high,  at  the  highest  point.  Between  this  high  outer  wall 
(fig.  1 1 )  and  that  of  the  inner  circle,  there  are  remains  of  a  banquette 
or  bench,  surrounding  the  chamber  very  much  broken  down.  The 
lower  stones  are  much  larger  than  the  upper,  similar  in  this  respect 
to  the  walls  of  certain  cliff  dwellings.  The  circular  room  and 


NO.    I 


ARCHEOLOGICAL   INVESTIGATION: 


-FEWKES 


bench  once  covered  the  point  of  the  mesa,  and  is  separated  from  the 
plateau  by  a  deep  fissure  worn  in  the  rock  outside  the  wall  on  that 
side.  The  height  of  the  highest  wall  is  20  feet,  and  the  bench  around 
the  circular  portion  averages  3  feet  high.  In  thickness  the  walls 
vary  from  I  to  3  feet.  On  the  second  ledge,  or  outcrop  of  hard  rock 


FIG.  ii. — Ground  plan  of  ruin  A,  Hill  Canyon,  Utah. 

below  the  summit  of  the  cliff,  on  which  ruin  A  stands,  there  is  a  fine 
example  of  the  dug-out  type  of  habitation,  several  of  which  occur  in 
the  sides  of  this  canyon.  The  roof  of  this  type  of  dug-out  is  formed 
by  a  flat  slab  of  rock  projecting  horizontally  from  the  cliff  and  form 
ing  the  protection  for  a  chamber  excavated  in  the  soft  rock  below. 
In  some  instances  these  dugouts  have  rudely  constructed  lateral  and 
front  walls  but  none  of  them  has  more  than  one  room.  They  appear 


26 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    68 


to  have  been  inhabited  rooms  but  may  at  times  have  served  for 
shelter.1 

RUIN  B 

Ruin  B  (pis.  7,  8,  b)  is  a  better  preserved  example  of  the  tower  type 
and  is  on  a  ridge  considerably  lower  than  that  on  which  ruin  A 
stands  extending  at  right  angles.  It  occupies  a  narrow  space  from  the 
rim  of  Hill  Canyon  on  one  side  to  a  rim  of  a  tributary  canyon,  block 
ing  the  passageway  along  the  surface  of  the  ridge  to  its  point.  This 
structure  (fig.  12)  would  appear  to  be  structurally  not  unlike  ruin  A, 
but  with  the  wall  smaller.  There  is  a  raised  bench  on  the  south  side, 


FIG.  12. — Ground  plan  of  ruin  B. 

the  tower  itself  being  a  semi-circular  chamber  annexed  to  the  north 
side,  which  extends  from  one  canyon  rim  to  another.  The  breadth 
of  this  semi-circular  room  is  10  feet.  The  longest  dimension  is 
31  feet  and  the  average  height  of  its  wall  is  4  feet.  The  top  of  the 
wall,  throughout,  is  unevenly  broken  down,  the  part  adjoining  the 
bench  being  the  best  preserved.  The  structure  suggests  a  fort,  for 
it  would  not  be  possible  to  pass  between  this  obstructing  ruin  without 
entering  it  through  a  circular  doorway,  the  walls  of  which  still  stand 
on  the  east  side.  There  is  no  passage  between  the  wall  and  the 
mesa  edge. 


1We  have  in  Hill  Canyon  ruins  a  good  illustration  of  an  all  but  universal 
custom,  among  prehistoric  people,  of  dual  types  of  rooms,  one  ceremonial,  the 
other  domiciliary,  each  constructed  on  different  architectural  lines. 


NO.  I  ARCHEOLOGICAL  INVESTIGATIOXS FEWKES  2/ 

LONG  MESA  RUIN 

On  the  flat  top  of  a  long  and  narrow  mesa  (pi.  9,  a,  b)  rising  about 
200  feet  from  the  middle  of  Hill  Creek  Canyon  a  few  miles  above 
Taylor's  ranch,  there  is  a  cluster  of  three  circular  ruins,  whose 
walls  are  composed  of  well  constructed  masonry,  now  much  dilapi 
dated.  The  surface  of  this  plateau,  near  the  end  looking  down  the 


FIG.  13. — Ground  .plan  of  towers  on  Long  Mesa. 

canyon,  is  partitioned  off  from  the  remainder  by  a  low  transverse 
wall,  extending  from  one  side  to  the  other.  This  wall  was  built 
advantageously  for  defense  and  apparently  designed  to  prevent 
passage  of  foes  from  the  upper  end  of  the  plateau  into  the  area  where 
the  circular  rooms  are  situated.  About  midway  in  its  length  it  has 
a  passageway,  the  jambs  of  which  are  still  visible.  Three  circular 
ruins  (fig.  13)  make  up  the  cluster  on  the  lower  end  of  the  mesa, 
each  averaging  about  15  feet  in  diameter,  all  constructed  of  low  walls 


28 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS 


VOL.    68 


of  stones  dressed  into  proper  shape.  These  buildings  are  not  con 
nected  but  separated  by  intervals.  The  tops  of  the  walls  for  several 
feet  have  fallen,  exposing  interiors  which  are  almost  completely 
filled  with  stones  and  rubble. 


FIG.  14. — Ground  plan  of  Eight  Mile  Ruin. 

EIGHT  MILE  RUIN 

Eight  Alile  Ruin  (pi.  10)  is  the  largest  and  most  conspicuous  of 
the  Hill  Creek  remains.  It  consists  of  a  cluster  of  towers  on  a 
cliff  overlooking  the  right  side  of  the  canyon  below  Taylor's  ranch 
and  from  the  bottom  of  the  canyon  resembles  a  single  large  building. 
It  is  made  up  of  several  circular  towers,  with  passageways  between 
which  preserve  all  the  typical  features  of  this  style  of  ruins.  When 
this  cluster  is  examined  individually  it  is  found  to  be  composed  of 


NO.    I  ARCHEOLOGICAL    INVESTIGATIONS FEWKES  2Q 

round  rooms,  a  semi-circular  building,  and  a  rectangular  room 
(fig.  14).  The  basal  courses  of  the  masonry  are  constructed  of 
massive,  almost  megalithic,  rocks.  The  walls  of  the  rectangular 
building  are  particularly  well  made,  and  enclose  a  room  filled  to  the 
top  with  clay  mixed  with  fallen  rubble.  The  longest  side  of  this 
room  extends  north  and  south.  The  whole  cluster  is  approximately 
70  feet  in  length.  The  diameter  of  the  circular  rooms  varies,  the 
outside  measurement  of  the  larger  ones  being  about  20  feet,  while 
the  smallest  is  barely  large  enough  for  a  man  to  stand  in  with  comfort. 
The  semi-circular  room  is  14  feet  in  diameter.  The  axis  of  these 
rooms  extends  approximately  in  a  north-south  direction.  So  far  as 
could  be  traced  each  of  the  larger  circular  ruins  has  on  the  inside  an 
elevated  banquette  surrounding  it,  and  enclosed  in  a  wall,  reaching 
a  height  of  10  feet.  There  is  much  fallen  rock  within  these  enclosures 
concealing  their  floors  and  rendering  it  impossible  to  trace  properly 
the  course  of  the  banquette  or  interpret  its  relation.  Another  ruin 
of  the  same  general  plan,  but  smaller,  is  a  little  farther  down  on  the 
same  side  of  the  canyon.  Its  walls  have  tumbled  almost  to  their 
foundations,  and  are  inconspicuous,  resembling  piles  of  stone. 

The  essential  architectural  feature  of  the  Hill  Canyon  towers  is 
their  circular  form,  modified  in  many  instances  by  the  addition  of 
a  straight  wall  or  rectangular  annex.  In  certain  cases  the  enclosing 
walls  of  two  towers  have  fused,  while  in  the  Eight  Mile  Ruin  the 
towers  are  accompanied  by  a  rectangular  room  separated  a  short 
distance  from  them. 

None  of  these  towers  show  any  evidences  of  past  habitation  and, 
what  is  remarkable,  no  fragments  of  pottery  occur  on  the  surface  of 
the  plateau  in  their  neighborhood.  Not  far  from  the  tower  (pi.  10,  a) , 
there  was  picked  up  a  mealing  stone  similar  to  those  used  by  pueblo 
Indians  in  grinding  corn,  but  no  accompanying  metate  was  found. 
No  excavations  were  attempted. 

MUSHROOM  ROCK  RUINS 

The  structure  of  the  ruins  of  the  mushroom  rock  type  is  not  radi 
cally  different  from  that  of  the  towers  above  described,  they  being 
exceptional  only  in  their  unusual  sites.  They  occur  on  top  of 
eroded  pillars  of  rock,  often  enlarged  on  top,  reminding  one  of 
mushrooms,  like  the  so-called  Snake  rock  at  Walpi.  They  were 
once  extensions  or  spurs  of  the  mesa  but  are  now  rock  pillars  cut  off 
by  erosion  so  that  they  stand  out  isolated  from  the  rim  of  the  canyon. 


3O  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.   68 

On  account  of  the  difficulty  in  reaching  their  tops,  the  ground  plan  of 
many  could  not  be  observed,  but  with  a  glass  it  was  seen  that  as  a 
rule  they  conform  to  the  shape  of  the  rim  of  the  rock  on  which  they 
stand.  Considering  the  unusual  sites  of  these  inaccessible  buildings, 
the  question  naturally  arises,  How  could  the  ancient  dwellers  enter 
these  rooms?  Had  they  ladders  or  ropes,  or  were  footholes  cut  in 
the  side  of  the  cliff  to  aid  them  ?  If  the  theory  of  footholes  be  correct 
we  may  suppose  that  these  have  been  worn  away,  for  no  trace  of  them 
could  be  found. 

A  geological  question  might  likewise  suggest  itself  to  anyone  seeing 
the  evidences  of  erosion  between  the  cliffs  and  pinnacles.  Has  the 
gap  between  the  latter  and  the  edge  of  the  plateaux  been  ploughed 
out  by  the  water  since  the  building  on  the  former  were  constructed  ? 
Although  the  cliffs  show  that  the  amount  of  the  erosion  has  been 
enormous,  it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  prevailing  rock  is  soft 
sandstone,  the  wearing  away  of  which  would  not  necessarily  require 
a  great  period  of  time.  It  is  not  probable  that  these  pinnacles  have 
been  separated  by  erosion  from  the  cliff  since  man  constructed  the 
walls  upon  them,  but  this  question  involves  the  knowledge  of  a 
geological  expert. 

To  the  same  group  of  ruins  as  the  mushroom  type  belongs  one 
from  a  wholly  different  locality,  shown  in  plate  12,  a,  a  photograph 
of  which  was  given  the  author  by  Mr.  Chubbock.  In  this  case  the  ruin 
is  not  built  on  top  of  a  rock  pinnacle,  in  the  shape  of  an  inverted  cone, 
but  in  the  horizontal  fissure  or  constriction  worn  out  under  the  harder 
stratum  above  it.  The  building  in  this  cleft  is  in  fact  a  kind  of  cliff 
house  in  which  the  front  wall  extends  from  top  to  bottom  of  the 
crevice,  the  rooms  occupying  a  recess  back  of  this  wall.  A  somewhat 
similar  form  of  habitation  found  in  the  side  of  a  cliff  has  been 
described  by  the  author.1  It  was  discovered  in  the  Verde  Valley, 
Arizona,  near  Jordan's  ranch,  about  6  miles  from  Jerome,  Arizona. 
In  his  description  it  is  classified  as  a  "  ledge  house,"  a  type  where  the 
opening  into  the  cave  is  completely  walled  up.  Unlike  a  true  cliff 
dwelling  the  rooms  occupy  the  whole  of  a  natural  cave  the  top  of 
which  is  its  roof.  It  is  not  possible  to  determine  from  the  illustration 
here  shown  whether  or  not  the  recess  has  been  enlarged  by  artificial 
means,  and  as  the  author  has  not  visited  the  ruin  he  has  no  idea  of  the 
arrangement  of  rooms. 


X28th  Annual  Report,  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology,  pp.  198,  199. 


NO.  I  ARCHEOLOGICAL  INVESTIGATIONS FEWKES  3! 

INVERTED  CONE  RUIN 

The  best  example  of  the  mushroom  type  of  ruin,  shown  in  the 
accompanying  figure  (fig.  15)  is  about  6  miles  up  the  canyon  from 
Taylor's  ranch  on  the  right  hand  side  of  Hill  Canyon.  It  is  clearly 
visible  from  the  road  which  follows  the  stream  and  has  a  wide  out- 


FIG.  15. — Inverted  cone  ruin. 

look  up  and  down  the  valley.  Although  the  top  of  the  rock  on  which 
this  ruin  stands  would  at  first  sight  appear  to  be  inaccessible,  Mr. 
Owen,  by  means  of  a  log,  surmounted  it  and  reported  that  its  surface 
is  flat  and  that  the  walls  thereon  are  about  20  feet  long  and  five  feet 
wide,  enclosing  a  roughly  oval  chamber,  as  their  outline  follows  the 
rim  of  the  top  of  the  rock.  These  walls,  when  seen  from  the  road  with 
a  good  glass,  appear  as  low  ridges  constructed  of  indifferent  masonry. 

3 


32  SMITHSONIAN  MISCELLANEOUS  COLLECTIONS        VOL.  68 

TWIN  TOWERS 

Twin  pinnacles,  shown  in  figure  16,  were  observed  from  the  road 
about  3  miles  up  the  canyon  from  Taylor's  ranch.     Fragments  of 


FIG.  16. — Mushroom  rock  ruins. 

walls  existed  on  top  of  both  of  these  pinnacles,  but  as  it  was  impossible 
to  reach  them  on  account  of  the  erosion  at  their  bases  the  form  and 
condition  of  the  walls  were  impossible  to  determine.  Like  the  tower 


NO.    I  ARCHEOLOGICAL    INVESTIGATIONS FEWKES  33 

last  mentioned,  the  view  from  their  tops  stretches  several  miles  in 
both  directions  up  and  down  the  canyon. 

RUIN  ON  LEANING  PINNACLE 

The  author's  limited  visit  to  this  region  made  it  impossible  to 
record  all  the  various  shapes  of  eroded  pinnacles  bearing  buildings 
found  in  Hill  Canyon,  but  one  of  the  most  remarkable  of  these  foun 
dations  was  observed  to  lean  very  perceptibly  to  one  side  (pi.  13) 
so  that  one  side  of  the  ruin  barely  falls  within  the  line  of  stable  equi 
librium.  The  top  of  this  leaning  pinnacle  was  inaccessible,  the  height 
being  about  50  feet  from  the  base,  which  rose  from  a  narrow  ridge 
over  200  feet  above  the  plain.  The  author's  idea  of  the  ground  plan 
and  character  of  the  masonry  in  this  ruin  is  limited  to  what  could 
be  seen  from  the  road,  but  its  general  appearance  from  that  distance 
is  the  same  as  the  preceding  ruin. 

In  this  account  the  author  has  mentioned  a  few  of  the  more  promi 
nent  mushroom  rock  ruins,  confining  himself  to  those  which  can  be 
observed  in  a  hurried  visit  to  the  canyon.  It  is  undoubtedly  true,  as 
reported  by  several  cowboys,  that  the  side  canyons,  difficult  of  access, 
concealed  many  others  which  a  longer  visit  would  bring  to  light.  The 
characteristics  of  the  ruin  crowned  pinnacles,  or  leaning  buttresses 
of  rock  in  Hill  Canyon  are  shown  in  plate  13. 

CONCLUSIONS 

As  artifacts  were  not  found  in  or  near  the  buildings  on  the  Hill 
Canyon  cliffs,  and  as  the  ruins  show  no  evidence  of  former  habitation, 
it  is  evident  that  they  were  not  dwellings.  Their  use  and  the  kinship 
of  the  people  who  built  them  can  be  judged  only  by  what  is  left  of 
their  walls  and  the  character  of  their  masonry.  As  has  been  pointed 
out,  the  most  prominent  of  these  ruins  are  circular  rooms  or  towers, 
arranged  in  clusters,  for  an  interpretation  of  which  we  may  look  to 
similar  architectural  forms  found  elsewhere  in  the  Southwest. 

Their  commanding  position  suggests  that  these  towers  were  con 
structed  for  lookouts  and  for  defense,  but  the  questions  might  very 
pertinently  be  asked,  Why  should  either  of  these  uses  necessitate 
three  or  four  almost  identical  buildings  grouped  together,  when  one 
would  be  sufficient?  Why  are  some  of  them  in  places  where  there  is 
no  broad  outlook  ? 

The  massive  character  of  the  walls  suggests  a  fortification,  but  why 
if  defense  were  the  only  explanation  of  their  use  would  not  one  large 


34  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    68 

building  be  preferable  to  many,  especially  as  it  would  be  more  easily 
constructed.  It  might  be  urged  that  they  were  granaries ;  but  if  so, 
why  were  they  placed  in  such  a  conspicuous  situation  ? 

In  searching  for  an  explanation  for  the  construction  of  these 
buildings,  an  examination  was  made  of  aboriginal  towers  in  the  valley 
of  the  San  Juan  and  its  tributaries,  especially  the  Yellow  Jacket 
Canyon  and  those  tributaries  entering  it  on  the  northern  side.  In  the 
Mesa  Verde  National  Park  the  author  has  also  discovered  several 
towers  which  are  in  a  comparatively  good  state  of  preservation. 
Some  of  these  are  situated  on  high  cliffs,  others  stand  in  valleys 
hidden  by  dense  forests  of  cedar. 

Towers  are,  roughly  speaking,  scattered  sporadically  in  numbers 
over  a  wide  extent  of  country,  bounded  on  the  east  by  Dolores  River 
and  on  the  south  by  the  Mancos  River  and  the  San  Juan.  They  extend 
as  far  west  as  Montezuma  Creek,  following  it  up  north  as  far  as 
exploration  has  gone  and  occurring  as  far  south  as  Zuni.  Rarely,  if 
ever,  however,  do  we  find  towers  in  the  dry,  sandy,  wastes  south  of 
the  San  Juan,  and  they  are  unrepresented  in  the  great  ruins  of  the 
Chaco  Canyon.  Although  there  seemed  to  be  certain  minor  differences 
in  the  construction  of  towers  found  at  different  places  in  this  area 
of  distribution,  all  are  identical  in  essential  features. 

The  towers  of  Hill  Canyon  bear  a  close  likeness  to  those  in  the 
region  mentioned,  except  that  their  masonry  is  poorer  and  their  walls 
are  more  dilapidated.  This  can  be  ascribed  in  part  to  the  material 
out  of  which  they  are  built,  for  whereas  the  stone  in  the  southern  part 
of  the  area  is  soft  and  easily  worked,  that  in  the  Hill  Canyon  region 
is  hard  but  can  readily  be  split  into  slabs  which  did  not  require  much 
manipulation  to  bring  them  into  desired  shapes  for  use.  The  tall 
and  better  built  towers  of  the  San  Juan  (pi.  14,  a)  and  its  tributaries 
are  sometimes  single  rooms  without  connections  with  other  buildings, 
but  are  more  often  surrounded  at  their  bases  by  rooms  not  unlike 
those  of  pueblo  ruins.  Thus  at  Cannon  Ball  ruin  the  towers  rise 
from  the  midst  of  secular  rooms  and  the  same  is  true  of  the  tower  in 
Cliff  Palace  and  elsewhere.  This  leads  to  the  supposition  that  these 
buildings  were  constructed  for  some  purpose  other  than  as  lookouts : 
they  bear  all  the  outward  appearance  of  sacred  rooms  called  kivas 
of  pueblos  and  cliff  dwellers.  If  we  accept  this  explanation  *  that 
the  McElmo  towers  are  round  kivas,  as  suggested  by  Holmes,  Mor- 

1  A  complete  discussion  of  these  prehistoric  towers  would  lead  to  a  morpho 
logical  comparison  with  the  Chulpas  of  Peru,  the  Nauregs  of  Sardinia,  Irish 
and  other  similar  religious  structures. 


NO.    I  ARCHEOLOGICAL    INVESTIGATIONS FEWKES  35 

gan,  and  others  we  can  explain  why  several  are  united  in  a  cluster, 
for  it  would  seem  that  each  room  in  such  a  cluster  belonged  to  a  family 
or  clan.  The  use  of  these  towers  as  here  suggested  can  not,  however, 
be  proven  until  excavations  of  them  are  made  and  the  signification 
of  the  banquette  constantly  found  annexed  to  their  inner  wall  is 
determined. 

Several  structural  remains  in  Ruin  Canyon  (pi.  14,  b),  a  tributary 
of  the  Yellow  Jacket,  especially  those  at  the  head  of  the  South  Fork, 
give  a  good  idea  of  the  relation  of  the  tower  to  surrounding  rooms. 
Here  we  find  towers  constructed  of  fine,  well  preserved,  masonry 
rising  to  almost  their  original  height,  but  crowded  into  the  midst  of 
rectangular  rooms  imparting  to  the  whole  ruin  a  compact  rectangular 
form.  Several  towers  in  this  canyon  are  without  surrounding  rooms, 
others  have  rectangular,  square  or  D-shaped  ground  plans,  but  the 
author  studied  none  with  two  or  three  concentric  surrounding  walls. 

The  form  of  one  of  the  largest  ruins  in  Ruin  Canyon  situated  near 
the  fork  of  the  canyon,  closely  resembles  Far  View  House,  in  the  Mesa 
Verde  National  Park.  It  has  a  central  tower  around  which  are 
rooms  with  straight  walls,  the  intervals  between  which  and  the  circular 
wall  of  the  tower  having  a  roughly  triangular  shape.  While  there  is 
but  one  tower  in  this  ruin,  its  similarity  in  form  and  position  to  the 
large  central  kiva  of  Far  View  House  indicates  that  towers  in  the 
McElmo  are  practically  ceremonial  rooms,  as  has  been  long  suspected. 

This  identity  in  form  of  tower  and  round  kiva  and  the  relative 
abundance  of  both  in  the  San  Juan  drainage,  leads  the  author  to 
believe  that  one  was  derived  from  the  other,  in  that  district,  and 
spread  from  it  southward  and  westward  until,  very  much  modified, 
it  reached  the  periphery  of  the  pueblo  area.  It  is  believed  that,  in  the 
earliest  time,  the  isolated  tower  was  constructed  for  ceremonial  pur 
poses  and  that  rooms  for  habitations  were  dugouts  or  other  structures 
architecturally  different  from  it.  Later,  domiciles  were  constructed 
around  the  base  of  these  towers  until  they  encircled  them  in  a  compact 
mass  of  rooms.  The  tower  then  lost  its  apparent  height,  but  morpho 
logically  retained  its  form.  As  this  circular  type  of  kiva  spread  into 
the  pueblo  area  in  course  of  time  it  was  again  constructed  indepen 
dently  of  the  domiciles  and  the  relative  numbers  diminished  until, 
as  in  some  of  the  pueblos  of  the  Rio  Grande,  there  survive  only  one 
or  two  kivas  for  each  village,  but  these  are  no  longer  embedded  in 
habitations  as  in  the  more  advanced  archaic  conditions. 

The  tower  kiva  may  be  regarded  as  the  nucleus  of  the  clan,  or  the 
building  erected  for  ceremonies  of  that  clan,  the  earliest  and  best 


36  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS   COLLECTIONS  VOL.   68 

constructed  stone  structures  in  the  region  where  the  pueblo  origi 
nated.  Where  there  were  several  clans  there  were  several  towers ; 
when  one  clan,  a  single  tower.  In  course  of  time  rooms  for  habitation 
or  possibly  for  other  purposes,  clustered  about  these  towers ;  these 
units  consolidated  with  rooms  and  kivas  of  another  type  forming  a 
composite  pueblo.  In  this  form  we  find  the  towers  rising  above  a 
mass  of  secular  rooms.  The  archaic  form  of  ceremonial  room  or 
tower  survived  in  Cliff  Palace  and  other  Mesa  Verde  ruins.1 

Several  circular  kivas  and  towers  seen  by  the  author  have  one  or 
more  incised  stones,  bearing  a  coiled  figure  resembling  a  serpent. 
One  of  the  best  of  these  has  also  peripheral  lines  like  conventional 
symbols  of  feathers.  An  obscure  legend  of  the  Hopi  recounts  that 
the  ancestral  kivas  of  the  Snake  clan,  when  it  lived  at  Tokonabi,  or 
along  the  San  Juan  were  circular  in  form.  While  at  present  only  a 
suggestion,  it  is  not  improbable  that  towers  and  round  kivas  may  have 
been  associated  with  Snake  ceremonials,  especially  as  this  cult  is 
known  to  have  survived  among  Keresan  pueblos  like  Sia  and  Acoma. 
The  Snake  clan  of  the  Hopi  according  to  traditions  came  from  the 
north  or  the  region  of  circular  kivas. 

From  their  similarity  in  external  shape  and  distribution,  circular 
ruins  and  round  towers  have  been  regarded  as  in  some  way  connected. 
It  by  no  means  follows  that  rooms  inside  their  external  walls  were 
identical  in  use.  For  instance,  the  so-called  Great  Tower  on  the  cliffs 
overlooking  the  San  Juan,  described  and  figured  by  Prof.  Holmes, 
is  said  by  him  to  measure  140  feet  in  diameter,  and  to  have  double 
walls  connected  by  partitions,  forming  a  series  of  encircling  rooms. 
This  ruin  may  be  classified  not  as  a  tower  but  a  circular  ruin,  and  the 
same  may  be  said  of  the  so-called  Triple-wall  Tower,  rising  on  the 

1  A  more  extended  discussion  of  towers  is  reserved  for  a  monograph,  now  in 
preparation,  on  "  Prehistoric  Towers  of  the  Southwest."  The  author  has 
made  several  new  observations  on  these  structures  some  of  which  differ  con 
siderably  from  those  of  his  predecessors. 

Morgan,  "Houses  and  House  Life  of  the  American  Aborigines"  (Contr.  to 
Amer.  Ethnol.,  Vol.  IV),  has  pointed  out,  page  191,  that  the  round  tower  at  the 
base  of  Ute  Mountain  must  have  been  entered  through  the  roof,  as  no  lateral 
doorways  wrere  visible,  and  Montgomery's  observations  on  towers  in  Nine 
Mile  Canyon  point  the  same  way.  These  facts  tell  in  favor  of  the  theory  that 
towers  and  kivas  are  morphologically  identical,  as  Morgan  indicates.  An 
absence  of  pilasters  on  the  inner  walls  of  towers  indicates  that  the  roof  was  not 
vaulted,  as  in  most  Mesa  Verde  cliff  dwellings  and  in  the  pueblo,  Far  View 
House,  of  the  Mummy  Lake  group.  Towers  belong  to  what  I  have  designated 
the  second  type  of  kivas,  or  those  with  flat  roofs,  and  are  less  abundant  in 
the  San  Juan  area. 


NO.    I  ARCHEOLOGICAL    INVESTIGATIONS FEWKES  37 

border  of  rectangular  rooms,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  the  McElmo. 
The  dimensions  of  this  so-called  tower  are  reported  to  be  "  almost " 
the  same  as  the  Great  Tower.  The  author  regards  these  as  examples 
of  an  architectural  type  related  to  towers,  from  which  it  is  distin 
guished  not  only  by  size,  but  also,  especially,  by  the  arrangement  of 
rooms  on  their  peripheries.  The  internal  structure  of  the  tower  type 
is  little  known,  but  in  none  of  these  buildings  has  the  author  detected 
peripheral  rooms  separated  by  radial  partitions,  although  one  of  these 
radial  partitions  is  found  in  kiva  A  of  Sun  Temple.  The  original 
building  of  the  last  mentioned  ruin,  although  D-shaped,  has  a  mor 
phological  similarity  in  the  arrangement  of  peripheral  rooms  to  the 
"  Great  Tower  "  of  the  San  Juan,  or  that  on  the  alluvial  flat  in  the 
Mancos,  and  the  "  Triple-wall  Tower  "  room  of  the  McElmo,  save 
that  the  so-called  innermost  of  the  triple  walls  is  replaced  in  Sun 
Temple  by  two  circular  walls,  side  by  side,  forming  kivas  B  and  C. 

The  tower,  with  annexed  rectangular  rooms,  like  its  homologue,  the 
circular  kiva  with  similar  adjacent  chambers  surrounding  it,  is 
practically  the  "  unit  type,"  a  stage  of  pueblo  development  pointed  out 
by  Doctor  Prudden,1  who  does  not  make  as  much  as  would  the  author 
of  the  intra-mural  condition  of  the  kiva,  or  its  compact  union  with 
domiciliary  rooms.  Far  View  House  on  the  Mesa  Verde  is  a  good 
example  of  this  union  of  form,  characteristic  of  the  "  unit  type  "  or 
compact  pueblo  with  embedded  circular  kivas,  one  of  which  is  central, 
probably  the  first  constructed,  and  of  large  size.  Such  compact 
pueblos  are  numerous  on  the  Mesa  Verde,  judging  from  central 
depressions  in  mounds,  and  characteristic  of  the  San  Juan,  at  least  of 
its  northern  tributaries.  The  previous  stage  in  pueblo  development  is 
that  in  which  the  sanctuary  or  tower  (kiva)  and  habitation  are  dis 
tinct.  The  extra-mural  circular  kiva,2  or  circular  room  separated 
from  the  house  masses  either  in  courts,  as  in  Rectangular  and  Round 
villages,  or  situated  outside  the  same  as  in  "  Line  villages,"  like  Walpi, 
or  pyramidal  forms,  is  like  Zufii  or  Taos  and  more  modern  pueblos. 
This  modification  is  widely  distributed  in  ruins  south  of  the  San  Juan, 
still  persisting  in  several  modern  pueblos. 

The  above  observations  have  an  important  bearing  on  the  author's 
differentiation  of  the  village  Indians  of  the  Southwest,  into  two 


1  Op.  cit.,  also,  The  Circular  Kiva  of  Small  Ruins  in  the  San  Juan  Watershed. 
Amer.  Anthr.  Jan. -March,  1914. 

2  The  intra-rectangular  kivas   of  such   pueblos   as   Zufii   are   comparatively 
modern,  but  their  position  is  explained  in  a  very  different  way  from  that  of 
the  intra-mural  circular  kivas  characteristic  of  the  ruins  of  the  San  Juan. 


38  SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS  VOL.    68 

groups,  which  are  culturally  distinct  and  widely  distributed  geograph 
ically.  The  western  group  originated  in  the  Gila  Valley,  and  extend 
ing  across  Arizona  spread  northward  making  its  influence  felt  as 
far  as  the  Hopi  villages  ;  the  eastern  culture  was  born  in  Colorado  and 
Utah  and  extended  to  the  south  along  a  parallel  zone.  The  former 
sprang  into  being  in  low,  level,  cactus  plains  ;  while  the  latter  was  born 
in  lofty  mountains  and  deep  canyons  filled  with  caves.  Each  reflects 
in  its  architecture  the  characteristic  environment  of  the  locality  of  its 
origin.  As  they  spread  from  their  homes  and  at  last  came  together 
each  modified  the  other  by  acculturation.  The  expansion  of  these  two 
nuclei  of  culture,  and  the  products  of  their  contact  is  the  prehistoric, 
unwritten,  evolution  of  primitive  people  in  the  Southwest  upon  which 
documentary  accounts  throw  no  light,  and  the  function  of  archeology 
is  to  read  this  history  through  the  remains  left  by  this  prehistoric 
people,  as  interpreted  by  surviving  folklore,  ceremonials,  legends, 
and  artifacts.  Both  types  of  culture  reached  their  highest  develop 
ment  before  the  arrival  of  the  white  man ;  and  the  advent  of  the 
European  found  both  on  the  decline.  The  localities  where  both 
types  originated  and  reached  their  highest  development  were  either 
no  longer  inhabited  or  occupied  by  descendants  with  modified  archi 
tectural  ideas.  Some  of  the  survivors  lived  in  houses  of  much  ruder 
construction  than  the  cliff  dwellings  or  pueblos  of  their  ancestors. 
The  habitations  of  others  were  scattered  rude,  mud  huts.  In  short  the 
cliff  dwellers  of  the  Mesa  Verde  and  the  prehistoric  inhabitants  of 
the  Gila  compounds  left  survivors  possessed  of  inferior  skill.  Both 
architecture  and  ceramic  art  had  declined  before  the  advent  of  white 
men. 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIOC 


VOL.    68,    NO.     1,    PL. 


TEEUNGKI     FIRE    HOUSE,   ARIZONA. 


SMITHSONIAN     MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS 


VOL.    68,    NO.     1,     PL. 


CLIFF   DWELLINGS  IN   CHIN    LEE  CANYON,  ARIZONA, 
a,   b,   Ruin   A. 
c,   Ruin   B. 
(Photographs  by  G.    H.    Hoater.) 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS 


VOL.    68.     NO.     1,     PL.    3 


SITES  OF   RUINS   NEAR   GALLUP,    NEW   MEXICO. 

a,  Zuni   Hill   Ruin. 

b,  Black  Diamond   Ranch   Ruin. 
C,    Kiva   of  Zuni    Hill   Ruin. 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS   COl  LECTIONS 


VOL.    68,    NO.    1.     PL.    4 


KIN-A-A,   CROWN    POINT,   NEW   MEXICO. 
a,  b,  From  west. 

c,  Showing   mounds  neap  Kiva. 


'/^p^ 

mm  jj 


o 

of  .o" 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS 


VOL.    68,    NO.    1,    PL.    6 


CROWN    POINT,    RUIN 

a,  From  east. 

b,  From   north. 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS 


VOL.    68,    NO.    1,    PL. 


a 


RUINS   NEAR   TAYLOR'S   LOWER    RANCH,    HILL   CANYON,   UTAH. 

a,  Ruin  A. 

b,  Ruin   B. 
(Photographs  by  T.  G.   Lemmon.) 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS 


VOL.    68,     NO.     1,     PL. 


LONG   MESA,    HILL  CANYON,    UTAH. 

a,   From    north. 

br   From  south. 

(Photographs   by  T.   G.    LemmonJ 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS 


VOL.    68,    NO.    1,     PL.     1C 


*r- '     -   - 


EIGHT   MILE   RUIN,    HILL  CANYON,    UTAH. 

a,  From  south. 

b,  From  west. 
(Photographs  by  T.  G.  Lemmon.) 


o 

s! 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS 


VOL.     68.     NO.     1,     PL.     12 


(Photograph   by  Chubbock.) 


(Photograph   by  T.  G.   Lemmon.) 

a,  Ledge  House  in  cleft  of  mushroom   rock. 

b,  Tower  in  cadars  near  Sprucetree  House,  Mesa  Verde  National   Park. 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COL1  ECTIONS 


VO1  -    68,    NO.    1  ,     PL. 


RUIN   ON    ROCK   PINNACLE,    HILL   CANYON. 


SMITHSONIAN    MISCELLANEOUS    COLLECTIONS 


68,    NO.    1,    PL.    14 


RUINS  IN  SOUTHFORK,  RUIN  CANYON,  UTAH. 

a,  Twin  Towers. 

b.  Towers  and   buildings. 


USE 

oj.  FROM  WHICH  BORROWED 


